The town of Castiglione della Pescaia is one of the most appreciated seaside areas in the Grosseto territory. It links the beauty of its beaches with a rich historical and artistic patrimony, as it is testified by the Museum of Vetulonia exhibiting Etruscan finds, the castle of Buriano, the Church of the Madonna del Romitorio and the ancient medieval walls.

The first inhabitants of the area appeared in the primitive times, but according to historians, the Umbrians were the first civilization to settle here permanently. The river Ombrone's name derive from this population's one. Later, the Etruscans came and they dominated the area from the IX to the III century B.C. by establishing the centre of their commerce and their economy along the banks of the Previus, a salt lake that occupied part of the current Grosseto plain and flawed in the sea through a small natural canal. This is how the towns of Rosselle and Populonia were born.
The Romans' pressure began to grow around the IV century B.C. and it materialized into the destruction of Saturno, an episode that convinced the other Etruscan cities, among which the cities near the lake Prelius, to reach an agreement with their enemies and create a Roman province.
Thanks to the new owners of the area, a remarkable improvement of the infrastructures and a rich architectural heritage such as the villa of the Isola Clodia, where its remains are still visible. In the meantime, the small port on the lake of Selebrone became an important outpost on the Aurelia Way.
Besides the Western Roman Empire's fall, a natural phenomenon, too, accelerated the impoverishment of the area corresponding to the modern town. In effect, in the first years of the Middle Ages, the continuous rising of the creek from where the lake Prelius flowed into the sea caused the stagnation of the area, which became a watery and unhealthy territory. Before it was a flourishing and developed centre for the Etruscan trade.
The name "Castel Lione della Piscaria", a fortified village that was built near the lake Selebrone under the dominion of Chiusi at that time, was first cited in an ancient document, a diploma by Louis the Pious, dating to 813. Nevertheless, a quite noteworthy phenomenon of depopulation had already begun and it was only partially tamed by the appearance of the first hermitages, where the monks went to lead a solitary and spiritual existence benefiting from the harshness of this place.